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Spring@Autowired注解与自动装配


 

Spring@Autowired注解与自动装配

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1   配置文件的方法

我们编写spring 框架的代码时候。一直遵循是这样一个规则:所有在spring中注入的bean 都建议定义成私有的域变量。并且要配套写上 get 和 set方法。


Boss 拥有 Office 和 Car 类型的两个属性:  
 
 
清单 3. Boss.java


  1. package com.baobaotao;     
  2.     
  3. public class Boss {     
  4.     private Car car;     
  5.     private Office office;     
  6.     
  7.     // 省略 get/setter     
  8.     
  9.     @Override    
  10.     public String toString() {     
  11.         return "car:" + car + "/n" + "office:" + office;     
  12.     }     
  13. }     

   
  System.out.println必须实现toString方法
 
我们在 Spring 容器中将 Office 和 Car 声明为 Bean,并注入到 Boss Bean 中:下面是使用传统 XML 完成这个工作的配置文件 beans.xml:  
 
 
清单 4. beans.xml 将以上三个类配置成 Bean  
                  
  1. xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>     
  2. <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    
  3.     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"    
  4.     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans      
  5. http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">     
  6.     <bean id="boss" class="com.baobaotao.Boss">     
  7.         <property name="car" ref="car"/>     
  8.         <property name="office" ref="office" />     
  9.     </bean>     
  10.     <bean id="office" class="com.baobaotao.Office">     
  11.         <property name="officeNo" value="002"/>     
  12.     </bean>     
  13.     <bean id="car" class="com.baobaotao.Car" scope="singleton">     
  14.         <property name="brand" value=" 红旗 CA72"/>     
  15.         <property name="price" value="2000"/>     
  16.     </bean>     
  17. </beans>     

   
 
 
当我们运行以下代码时,控制台将正确打出 boss 的信息:  
 
 
清单 5. 测试类:AnnoIoCTest.java  
                  
  1. import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;     
  2. import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;     
  3. public class AnnoIoCTest {     
  4.     
  5.     public static void main(String[] args) {     
  6.         String[] locations = {"beans.xml"};     
  7.         ApplicationContext ctx =      
  8.             new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(locations);     
  9.         Boss boss = (Boss) ctx.getBean("boss");     
  10.         System.out.println(boss);     
  11.     }     
  12. }     
  13.       

 
 
这说明 Spring 容器已经正确完成了 Bean 创建和装配的工作。   



2   @Autowired 

Spring 2.5 引入了 @Autowired 注释,它可以对类成员变量、方法及构造函数进行标注,完成自动装配的工作。 通过 @Autowired的使用来消除 set ,get方法。


要实现我们要精简程序的目的。需要这样来处理:

* 在applicationContext.xml中加入:
 
[c-sharp] view plaincopy
  1.      
  2.   class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor"/>  

Spring 通过一个 BeanPostProcessor 对 @Autowired 进行解析,所以要让 @Autowired 起作用必须事先在 Spring 容器中声明 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor Bean。  

* 修改在原来注入spirng容器中的bean的方法。
     在域变量上加上标签@Autowired,并且去掉 相应的get 和set方法

清单 6. 使用 @Autowired 注释的 Boss.java  
                  
  1. package com.baobaotao;     
  2. import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;     
  3.     
  4. public class Boss {     
  5.     
  6.     @Autowired    
  7.     private Car car;     
  8.     
  9.     @Autowired    
  10.     private Office office;     
  11.     
  12.     …     
  13. }     



* 在applicatonContext.xml中 把原来 引用的标签也去掉。

        
  1.             
  2. xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>     
  3. <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    
  4.     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"    
  5.     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans      
  6. http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">     
  7.     
  8.          
  9.     <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.     
  10.         AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor"/>     
  11.     
  12.          
  13.     <bean id="boss" class="com.baobaotao.Boss"/>     
  14.       
  15.     <bean id="office" class="com.baobaotao.Office">     
  16.         <property name="officeNo" value="001"/>     
  17.     </bean>     
  18.     <bean id="car" class="com.baobaotao.Car" scope="singleton">     
  19.         <property name="brand" value=" 红旗 CA72"/>     
  20.         <property name="price" value="2000"/>     
  21.     </bean>     
  22. </beans>    

 这样,当 Spring 容器启动时,AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor 将扫描 Spring 容器中所有 Bean,当发现 Bean 中拥有 @Autowired 注释时就找到和其匹配(默认按类型匹配)的 Bean,并注入到对应的地方中去。  
 
按照上面的配置,Spring 将直接采用 Java 反射机制对 Boss 中的 car 和 office 这两个私有成员变量进行自动注入。所以对成员变量使用 @Autowired 后,您大可将它们的 setter 方法(setCar() 和 setOffice())从 Boss 中删除。  
 
当然,您也可以通过 @Autowired 对方法或构造函数进行标注,如果构造函数有两个入参,分别是 bean1 和 bean2,@Autowired 将分别寻找和它们类型匹配的 Bean,将它们作为 CountryService (Bean1 bean1 ,Bean2 bean2) 的入参来创建 CountryService Bean。来看下面的代码:  对方法


  1. package com.baobaotao;     
  2.     
  3. public class Boss {     
  4.     private Car car;     
  5.     private Office office;     
  6.     
  7.      @Autowired    
  8.     public void setCar(Car car) {     
  9.         this.car = car;     
  10.     }     
  11.       
  12.     @Autowired    
  13.     public void setOffice(Office office) {     
  14.         this.office = office;     
  15.     }     
  16.     …     
  17. }     


这时,@Autowired 将查找被标注的方法的入参类型的 Bean,并调用方法自动注入这些 Bean。而下面的使用方法则对构造函数进行标注:  

  1. package com.baobaotao;     
  2.     
  3. public class Boss {     
  4.     private Car car;     
  5.     private Office office;     
  6.       
  7.     @Autowired    
  8.     public Boss(Car car ,Office office){     
  9.         this.car = car;     
  10.         this.office = office ;     
  11.     }     
  12.       
  13.     …     
  14. }     


由于 Boss() 构造函数有两个入参,分别是 car 和 office,@Autowired 将分别寻找和它们类型匹配的 Bean,将它们作为 Boss(Car car ,Office office) 的入参来创建 Boss Bean。 

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